Мовознавство. Лiтературознавство
UDC 811. 161. 1’373. 217(23)
DOI https://doi.org/10.24919/2308-4863.3/29.209548
Nina NAGAITSEVA,
orcid.org/000-0001-8188-8141
Candidate of Philological Sciences,
Professor at the Department of Humanities
of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”
(Kharkiv, Ukraine) kgn.fmo@gmail.com
Yuri ROMANOV,
orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-3119
Candidate of Philological Sciences,
Associate Professor at the Department of Humanities
of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”
(Kharkiv, Ukraine) yu.aleks63@gmail.com
PRESENTATION OF SINGULARIA AND PLURALIA TANTUM NOUNS 
IN A COURSE OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
This article considers singularia and pluralia tantum nouns; despite the absence of this topic in programs on teaching 
Russian as a foreign language (RFL), it must be acknowledged that singularia tantum nouns constitute a significant 
layer of vocabulary and are quite commonly used, and pluralia tantum nouns are closely linked to cultural discourse 
and cannot be painlessly excluded from lexical system of the Russian language. Although this phenomenon has been 
thoroughly studied in classical editions of Russian grammar, problems of category of number and in particular singularia 
and pluralia tantum nouns are still widely discussed by modern linguists (as is noted, complex subjects can be designated 
both as forms of singular and forms of plural, therefore the three groups of nouns can be found: pluralia tantum (a single 
object indicated by plural: ворота), a full-numbered paradigm (one object is indicated by singular: ракушка), and nouns 
with a paradigm fluctuation (one object is indicated by both singular and plural: дверь / двери); there is a dramatic rise 
in the use of plural forms of many abstract nouns (риск, продажа) forming a crucial change in the development trend 
of Russian abstract noun number paradigms). We assume that in RFL teaching, it is important to follow the principles of 
step by step presentation of theoretical information on this topic (common singularia and pluralia tantum nouns, their 
grammatical properties, derivative characteristics; proper singularia and pluralia tantum nouns; synonymy, antonymy, 
and homonymy of singularia and pluralia tantum nouns; occasionalisms, etc.) to help students reach a higher level of 
Russian language proficiency. 
Key words: singularia tantum, pluralia tantum, category of number, L2 learning and teaching, Russian as a foreign 
language. 
Ніна НАГАЙЦЕВА,
orcid.org/000-0001-8188-8141
кандидат філологічних наук, професор кафедри гуманітарних наук
Національного технічного університету «Харківський політехнічний інститут»
(Харків, Україна) kgn.fmo@gmail.com
Юрій РОМАНОВ,
orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-3119
кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри гуманітарних наук
Національного технічного університету «Харківський політехнічний інститут»
(Харків, Україна) yu.aleks63@gmail.com
ПРеЗеНТАцІЯ ІМеННиКІВ SINGULARIA ТА PLURALIA TANTUM 
У КУРСІ РОСІйСьКОї МОВи ЯК ІНОЗеМНОї
У статті розглянуто іменники singularia та pluralia tantum. Не зважаючи на відсутність цієї теми у про-
грамах викладання російської мови як іноземної (далі – РЯІ), треба визнати, що іменники singularia tantum 
становлять значний прошарок лексики та є доволі вживаними, а іменники pluralia tantum тісно пов’язані з 
культурологічним дискурсом і не можуть бути безболісно виключені з лексичної системи російської мови. 
Хоча цей феномен досить ретельно вивчався в класичних виданнях російської граматики, проблеми категорії 
46 Актуальнi питання гуманiтарних наук. Вип 29, том 3, 2020
Nagaitseva N., Romanov Yu. Presentation of singularia and pluralia tantum nouns...
числа та іменників singularia tantum та pluralia tantum зокрема продовжують широко обговорюватися су-
часними лінгвістами. Наприклад, ідеться про те, що складні речі позначають як формами однини, так і 
формами множини, тому вирізняють три групи іменників: pluralia tantum (окремий предмет, позначений 
множиною: ворота); ті, що мають повну парадигму (один об’єкт позначається одниною: ракушка), та 
іменники з коливанням парадигми (один об’єкт позначається як одниною, так і множиною: дверь/двери). 
Зазначають, що відбувається різке зростання використання множинних форм багатьох абстрактних імен-
ників (риск, продажа), що надзвичайно змінює тенденції розвитку парадигм числа абстрактних іменників 
у російській мові). Ми виходимо з того, що у викладанні РЯІ важливо дотримуватися принципів покрокової 
презентації теоретичної інформації за темою: загальні іменники singularia та pluralia tantum, їхні грама-
тичні властивості, дериваційні характеристики; власні іменники singularia та pluralia tantum; синонімія, 
антонімія й омонімія іменників singularia та pluralia tantum; оказіоналізми тощо», що допомагає студен-
там підвищити рівень володіння російською мовою.
Ключові слова: singularia tantum, pluralia tantum, категорія числа, вивчення і викладання другої мови, 
російська мова як іноземна. 
Introduction. No academic hours for singularia naming masses, by virtue of their meaning, are not 
tantum and pluralia tantum nouns can be found in likely to be used in the plural. Still, a plural can be 
programs on RFL (Nagaitseva et al., 2014) due to used to show that masses come in various types (the 
the scarcity of total number of hours allotted for this “sortal” plural) (сотни белков, ферментов, жиров, 
discipline. However, humanities majors, graduate сахаров). Nouns naming abstract qualities or events, 
students, and RFL teachers who want to delve into such as (производительность, великодушие) are 
the study of this phenomenon require an adequate naturally singular, but occur in the plural if the qual-
response to their request, and they have every reason ity is manifested as different types (превратности, 
for this. способности) (Timberlake, 2004). 
Firstly, singularia tantum nouns make up a signif- Problems of category of number and in particu-
icant layer of vocabulary in texts of different styles lar singularia tantum and pluralia tantum nouns are 
and demonstrate high frequency of use. Pluralia tan- widely discussed in Russian linguistics. 
tum nouns are closely connected with the cultural dis- Pluralia tantum nouns are defined as grammatical 
course and cannot be painlessly excluded from lexi- forms of plural with conflicting plural forms, collec-
cal system of the Russian language. tive meanings and mixed, plural and collective syn-
Secondly, when studying such nouns, their con- tactic (Sobolev, 2005).
nection with etymology, idiomatic inclusions, and Objectively complex subjects can be designated 
occasionalisms is normally tracked. both as forms of singular and forms of plural, there-
Thirdly, with their presentation, a comparative fore the three groups of nouns can be found: pluralia 
analysis of such phenomena in Russian and learn- tantum (a single object indicated by plural: ворота), 
ers’ native language / language of instruction can be a full-numbered paradigm (one object is indicated by 
made. singular: ракушка), and nouns with a paradigm fluc-
Fourthly, it is awareness of the importance of der- tuation (one object is indicated by both singular and 
ivation that matters – with emphasis on most frequent plural: дверь/двери) (Liashevskaia, 2001).
affixes and their semantic specialization. There is a dramatic rise in the use of plural forms 
Fifthly, studying this phenomenon may signifi- of many abstract nouns (риск, продажа) forming a 
cantly expand the vocabulary of learners. crucial change in the development trend of Russian 
Finally, formation of students’ skills in correct abstract noun number paradigms (Gorbov, 2014).
reception and production of the above lexical units The purpose of this study is to consider the basic 
clearly indicates a higher level of Russian language features of singularia tantum and pluralia tantum 
proficiency. nouns to be presented to international learners when 
Review of literature. Singularia tantum and plu- practical RFL teaching. 
ralia tantum nouns are carefully examined in works Main body of the research. Number, inflectional 
on Russian grammar (Belousov et al., 2002; Shanskii, category of noun, reflects extra linguistic reality and 
Tikhonov, 1987; Shvedova et al., 1980; Vinogradov denotes number of objects in opposition ranks of 
et al., 1960; Vinogradov, 1972). singular forms and plural forms. These forms are 
In Cambridge Reference Grammar of Russian, expressed morphologically (in a paradigm) and syn-
pluralia tantum nouns are defined as a small set of tactically (by usage of coordinated forms of number). 
nouns that can occur only in the plural (ножницы, Meanings of number of nouns themselves are marked 
штаны, сутки). Historically, these are entities synthetically (by inflections, suffixes, alternations of 
composed of paired parts. Singularia tantum nouns consonants), analytically, and adherently. Nouns with 
ISSN 2308-4855 (Print), ISSN 2308-4863 (Online) 47
Мовознавство. Лiтературознавство
two correlative forms of number have main semantic 1. Material nouns may take forms of plural when 
opposition as follows: a single subject – not a single naming the species / varieties of substance (сухие и 
subject. десертные вина), as well as large masses of sub-
A large group of nouns has only one form of num- stance (вечные льды).
ber (singular or plural) as they express uncountable 2. Abstract notions take forms of plural when 
objects. Nouns having only a singular form are called denoting specific manifestations of abstract qualities/
singularia tantum nouns. Nouns that appear in the processes (маленькие радости, шумы в моторе), 
plural form only are called pluralia tantum nouns. as well as describing a sign of great intensity or dura-
They are common nouns and proper nouns. tion (колоссальные сдвиги, постоянные боли).
Properties of common singularia tantum nouns are 3. A particularly striking result of rejection of 
as follows. organic singularity in favor of transition to object 
1. Common singularia tantum nouns can be integrity breaking plurality is observed in occasional 
divided (depending on what and how they express it) words occurred in fiction.
into 3 large groups: material nouns, collective nouns, Gender markers of singularia tantum nouns: like 
and abstract notions. other Russian nouns, singularia tantum nouns have 
2. Material nouns denote substances of uniform traditional characteristics of gender (endings in Nom-
composition that can be measured but not counted. inative Case): for masculine – hard and soft conso-
Among them there are such groups of words as chemi- nant (бисер, алкоголь); for feminine – -а/-я and soft 
cal elements and compounds (кислород, вода), various consonant (борьба, болтовня, зелень); for neuter – 
materials, substances (вата, нефть), food products -о/-е / -ё (сено, пение, жильё).
(сало, мед), plants (чеснок, картофель), medicines As for derivative characteristics of singularia tantum 
(аспирин, йод), medical concepts (желчь, гной), etc. nouns, most of them are derived words which are formed 
3. Collective nouns denote an indefinite set either without any affixes or with the help of affixes. 
of objects as one indivisible whole. Among them Non-derivative nouns are few in number, and meaning of 
are groups of objects (мебель, обувь), persons singularity is a component of their lexical meaning.
(студенчество), fauna (зверье, воронье), flora Singularia tantum nouns are formed from nouns, 
(кустарник, шиповник), etc. adjectives, and verbs; they acquire corresponding 
4. Abstract notions denote properties and actions integrating meanings due to suffixes.
in an abstract way not allowing the idea of counting Singularia tantum nouns with meanings of “sci-
(грусть, красота, бег, чтение). entific concept, doctrine, branch”, “institution”, 
Grammatical properties of singularia tantum “property, attribute”, “collective” (материализм, 
nouns are as follows. биология, героизм, деканат, аспирантура, 
1. All singularia tantum nouns denote objects in купечество) are formed from nouns.
abstraction from their quantity. Singularia tantum nouns with meanings of 
2. They have only one form – singular. “abstract qualities”, “concept, property”, “collective” 
3. They are not combined with quantitative numer- (белизна, слепота, смелость, теплота, пьянство, 
als, but combined with indefinitely quantitative words сырье) are formed from adjectives.
(горы мусора, мало воздуха, много горя). Singularia tantum nouns with meanings of “action, 
4. Material nouns and abstract notions in the form action in progress, its result”, “collective” (дружба, 
of Genitive Case with a quantitative meaning may развитие, уважение, бегство, еда, житье-бытье) 
have variability of inflections -a/-я – -у/-ю (чашка are formed from verbs.
чаю, куча хламу, много шуму). The same peculiar- Suffix singularia tantum nouns include: 
ity is observed when such nouns are combined with 1. Collective nouns of feminine gender with suf-
prepositions без, из, с, от, до (без сахару, с голоду, fixes -б-а, -в-а, -ия, -н-я, -ар-а, -ор-а, -ур-а, -от-а, 
от испугу, не до жиру). Frequent is also the loss of -(н)иц-а (голытьба, листва, артиллерия, родня, 
mobile vowels о and е (огонь – огня, уголь – угля, мошкара, детвора, клиентура, пехота, конница); 
пепел – пепла, кашель – кашля). of masculine gender with suffixes -ник, -няк 
5. In monosyllabic nouns of feminine and mas- (ельник, березняк), -ат, -итет (секретариат, 
culine gender ending with the consonant, the stress генералитет) and with the meaning of complex 
is transferred to flexion in the form of Prepositional composition (лом, сор, бой, мусор); of neuter gen-
Case (кровь – в крови, глушь – в глуши, ад – в аду, der with suffixes -ств-о, -еств-о, -ьё (офицерство, 
рай – в раю). человечество, гнильё).
There are some possibilities for singularia tantum 2. Abstract notions of feminine gender with suffixes 
nouns to get the forms of plural. -б-а, -от-а, -изн-а, -ин-а, -иц-а, -аци-я, -н-я, -отн-я 
48 Актуальнi питання гуманiтарних наук. Вип 29, том 3, 2020
Nagaitseva N., Romanov Yu. Presentation of singularia and pluralia tantum nouns...
(резьба, краснота, новизна, тишина, агитация, There is a difference in meanings of singularia and 
возня, беготня), -ость/-есть, -ность, -емость pluralia tantum nouns and cognate plural and singular 
(близость, свежесть, сущность, успеваемость); nouns. Many singularia and pluralia tantum nouns, hav-
of neuter gender with suffixes -ие/-ье, -ние/-нье, ing a formal correlation with the corresponding nouns 
-тие/-тье, -ств-о, -еств-о, -овств-о (равнодушие, of plural and singular in the Old Russian language, par-
веселье, терпение, терпенье, открытие, шитье, tially or completely lost touch with them and should be 
соседство, мужество, хвастовство); of masculine considered independent lexical units. This phenome-
gender with suffixes -изм, -аж (оптимизм, туризм, non can be exemplified by added meaning of “much” 
ажиотаж, инструктаж). (долг – долги), “sort” (масло – масла), “consistency” 
Affixless singularia tantum nouns include: (вес – весы), “inconsistency” (покой – покои). 
1. Numerous nouns of masculine gender formed Like other lexical units, singularia and pluralia 
from prefixal and prefixless verbs (разбег, обжиг, tantum nouns are characterized by synonymy, anton-
заплыв, отлов, бег, сев, лов, рост). ymy, and homonymy.
2. Unproductive nouns derived from adjectives 1. There are numerous archaisms among syno-
and verbs ending in soft consonant and -a (дичь, nyms: purely lexical (чело – лоб, ланиты – щеки); 
лень, мощь, ширь, тишь, рвань, гниль, нажива, lexical-word-building (горе – горесть); lexico-pho-
хандра, слава, мелюзга). netic, dating back to Church Slavonicisms (здравие, 
3. Nouns of neuter gender with non-derivative злато, сребро).
stem (горе, зло, добро, тепло). 2. Sometimes both synonyms are only singularia 
Prefix singularia tantum nouns are derived with tantum nouns or only pluralia tantum nouns, and 
suffixes of opposite meaning не-, де- (неправда, sometimes not (младость – молодость; латы – 
невезение, демонтаж) and with international mor- доспехи, уста – губы). Dimorphism of the old and 
phemes (биохимия, геофизика). the new is connected not only with genetic continuity, 
Prefixal-suffixal singularia tantum nouns are but also with the possibility of using it for seman-
formed from nouns with prefixes of без-/бес- and tic-stylistic purposes. 
various suffixes with meaning of “absence of some- Proper singularia and pluralia tantum nouns can 
thing” (бессонница, бессилие, бездорожье). be characterized as follows.
Properties of common pluralia tantum nouns are 1. These nouns are individual names of unique 
as follows. objects (Харьков, Сумы, Одесса, Карпаты, Кавказ, 
1. Pluralia tantum nouns are not numerous. Иванов, Наполеон). 
2. There are groups of words based on a collective 2. The inflection of foreign proper names does not 
component with: proper collective meaning to denote always indicate the number (Аппалачи, Миссисипи).
“paired” / compound items (ножницы, часы), a plu- 3. Proper singularia tantum nouns which acquire the 
rality of something which forms a complex whole form of plural may denote: a group of people (квартира 
(деньги, кудри, чары); material collective meaning Ивановых); similarity transfer (Мы все глядим в 
to denote substances, mass in the aggregate (сливки, Наполеоны (Пушкин)); author’s rejection of singularia 
дрова), the remains of something (объедки, опилки); tantum nouns’ inherent individuality in favor of deper-
abstract collective meaning to denote complex actions sonalizing plurality (Он – ровесник всех поколений. 
(бега, побои), lengths of time (каникулы, сумерки), Житель Праг, Берлинов, Гаван (Рождественский)). 
space (дебри), rites (именины, похороны), games Occasional singularia and pluralia tantum nouns 
(именины, похороны). appear in the language thanks to creative search of 
Grammatical properties of pluralia tantum nouns outstanding writers. Their word-forming is quite tra-
are as follows. ditional, but they are semantically creative, and this 
1. Pluralia tantum nouns do not have any morpho- contributes to the conclusion that they are a living and 
logical forms of singular even as potential. Their sin- productive layer of Russian vocabulary as a whole. 
gularity-plurality is expressed only syntactically. There are different formants used in word formation 
2. Singular of collective pluralia tantum nouns is of occasionalisms.
expressed in combination with numeral один (одни 1. Singularia tantum nouns of feminine gender 
очки, сутки) and plural – with collective numerals with suffixes -н-я, -ость, -б-а, soft consonant, and 
(двое очков, суток) and indefinitely quantitative without suffixes in -а/-я (скульня, бегня, гульня, 
words (несколько суток, много денег). глыбастость, невовзвратность, душистость, 
3. Even more complicated is the expression of the ярь, рьянь, хмарь, нудь, крепь, влажь, жемь, 
above dichotomy in material pluralia tantum nouns (cf.: ёжь, ясь, нищь, водь, весень, лиловь, сеятьба, 
хлопья – одна почка хлопьев – две пачки хлопьев). сердитьба, леева, предгрозя).
ISSN 2308-4855 (Print), ISSN 2308-4863 (Online) 49
Мовознавство. Лiтературознавство
2. Singularia tantum nouns of neuter gender with There are deliberate mistakes in making forms 
suffixes -ье, ьё, -ев-о (моленье, шаганье, изречье, (рог – рожья, снег – снеги, чистописаниев ремёсла), 
дамьё, машиньё, солдатьё, людьё, негритьё, word usage (ждание, блестенье, окружие instead 
громадьё, ребятьё. гулево). of ожидание, блеск, окружение), agreement in gen-
3. Singularia tantum nouns formed by stem com- der (хладный темень), etc (Khairutdinova, 2019).
position (доброшершавость, мимолетность, The above occasionalisms cannot be found in dic-
дрыгоножество, людоедчество, шестиэтажье, tionaries, their lexical meaning is not very transpar-
криводушье). ent, and their true brightness can be discovered only 
4. Pluralia tantum nouns (лягания, пережёвы, in context.
невнятицы, мерехлюндии). Conclusions. Thus, the above theoretical back-
There are occasional forms of plural of singularia ground on singularia and pluralia tantum nouns pro-
tantum nouns (льны, сирени, бронзы, хвои, хлебы, vides voluminous information about this phenomenon, 
пыли, чаи, воздуха, золота, железа, тины, дымы, namely about forms and meanings, word-building 
мяса, тьмы, пехоты, артиллерии, мраки, ясени, potential, possibilities of text harvesting etc.
детства, осени, зовы, дружбы, любови, славы, Such knowledge gives RFL teacher a chance to 
дремы, чести, скуки, жары, топоты, багрянцы, find the best way of singularia and pluralia tantum 
прохлады, трепеты, лепеты, злобы, исступления, presentation, to develop a necessary block of exer-
дерзновения, сияния, своеволия) and occasional cises, to provide texts saturated with singularia and 
forms of singular of pluralia tantum nouns (чернило, pluralia tantum vocabulary (Nagaitseva et al., 2007), 
стих, будень, вила, пенат, деньга, руина, брызг, so that students can reach a higher level of Russian 
покой). language proficiency.
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