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Документ 135 lat Politechniki Charkowskiej(Politechniki Gdańskiej, 2020) Gutnyk, Maryna; Chrzan, Krystian LeonardW pracy opisano 135 letnią historię Politechniki Charkowskiej, jednej z najstarszych uczelni technicznych Imperium Rosyjskiego i niepodległej Ukrainy. Po zniesieniu pańszczyzny w Rosji w 1861 roku powstały warunki do rozwoju przemysłu. Brak kadry technicznej spowodował konieczność zorganizowania uczelni technicznych. Profesorowie Politechniki Charkowskiej stanowili trzon kadry młodszych Politechnik w Imperium Rosyjskim i ZSRR.Документ Abram Slutskin and Radiophysics in Ukraine of the First Half of the 20th Century: World Dimension(Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2022) Tverytnykova, Elena; Gutnyk, MarynaThe article discusses the scientific and pedagogical activity of the outstanding Ukrainian radiophysicist Abram Slutskin in the context of the development of world radiophysical research. It is substantiated that the theoretical works of the scientist defined a new direction of research in Ukraine, namely the radar, and were important for the development of ultrahigh frequency physics. Innovative research initiated by Abram Slutskin found application in new defense technologies, military equipment, and special devices for medicine, biology, navigation, communications, household television and the radio industry. The article proves that Abram Slutskin had priority in launching research in the field of biophysics in Ukraine. The research on the use of ultrahigh frequencies for treatment of oncological patients carried out by scientists were unique for that time. Abram Slutskin᾽s graduate students became well-known specialists, who further developed the scientist’s ideas by initiating innovative areas of research and creating new institutions. We have grounds to consider Abram Slutskin as one of the founders of the Ukrainian scientific radio-physical school.Документ Beckmann's family contribution to the development of European motor transport at the beginning of XX century(Київський національний університет ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2019) Gutnyk, Maryna; Krystian, Leonard ChrzanThe formation of the automotive industry in Europe in the early twentieth century was considered. The data about car development in Great Britain, France and Germany is given. It was shown how the automobile racing influenced on the development of cars, in particular the transition from cars creation with a steam engine to cars creation with an internal combustion engine. More and more people became interested in this type of transportation. It was shown that at that time in Europe there were many workshops where cars were developed by scientists-innovators. Among such pioneers of the car industry is to Beckman's family. The activity of this family starting from Paul Beckman to his son Otto Jr. and even his daughter Ilse is presented. To date, it is extremely limited information about Beckmann's family contribution to the automotive industry in Europe. It was Paul Beckmann who started constructing cars in Wroclaw. At the factory which was founded by his father the production of both as small cars and as trucks and even sports was organized. It is noted that before the beginning of the World War I the most efficient cars developed a speed of up to 95 km/h. Beckmann's family cars became prize-winners of the international competitions of that time. It is stated that Paul Beckman can be considered the initiator of a safety belt. His cars were equipped with special leather straps. It should be noted that the company successfully developed and had a dealer network in Germany, Poland and Russia. During the interwar period, the company collapsed and was bought by a larger brand. However, Otto Jr., son of Paul Beckman, continued to take care of a family business. Today there is only one car with the mark of the Wroclaw car factory.Документ The contribution of Kharkiv enterprises to the rocket and space industry development(Національна академія наук України, 2021) Larin, A. A.; Gutnyk, Maryna; Tkachenko, S. S.; Horielova, S. O.The article reviews the contribution of Ukrainian enterprises to the development of the rocket and space industry. The most important part of a space or combat ballistic missile is the control system (CS), on which the success of its application depends. Kharkov enterprises – the “Kommunar” plant and the Design Bureau “Electropriborostroenia” (SDB-692, now the RPA “Khartron”) were the largest manufacturers of control systems not only in Ukraine, but throughout the Soviet Union. These systems were not only produced serially, but also developed at these enterprises. The formation and development of Kharkov enterprises of the space industry is the most important page in the history of the development of not only cosmonautics, but also science and technology. Despite the large number of works devoted to the development of the rocket and space technology in Ukraine, the history of the development and production of control systems has not been sufficiently studied. Due to the secrecy of work in the field of the rocket and space technology (RST), there are very few sources for studying the history of its creation. Therefore, the most important part of the work was interviewing the leading experts of SDB-692 in the field of the rocket and spacecraft control systems, namely with A. M. Kalnoguz, Yu. A. Kuznetsov, V. Ya. Makarenko, V. G. Sukhorebrov and V. A. Uralov. Based on these interviews, a special fund was created in the Central State Scientific and Technical Archive of Ukraine. Control systems for many combat ballistic missiles, including P-7, P-7A, P-12, P-16, as well as the most powerful missile in the world P-36M2, which was named in the USA “Satana” (SS-18 “Satan”), “Proton”, “Zenith”, “Energia” and “Cyclone” launch vehicles, “Kvant”, “Kvant-2”, “Crystal”, “Priroda”, “Spectrum” orbital modules, more than 150 satellites of the “Cosmos” series and other objects were developed and serial produced at Kharkov enterprises. In the 1970s, SDB-692 created the USSR᾽s first onboard digital electronic computer. On its basis, a test and launch complex “Electronic launch” was developed, designed for pre-launch testing of control systems for ballistic missiles and launch vehicles.Документ The contribution of Technological institute teachers to the transformation of the architectural space of Kharkiv city(Дніпровський національний університет ім. Олеся Гончара, 2022) Gutnyk, Maryna; Tverytnykova, OlenaThe article analyzes the transformation processes that took place in the Kharkiv city in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Kharkiv was one of the largest cities in the South of the then Russian Empire. With the beginning of the industrial revolution, the urban environment changed in its facilities and infrastructure. The interaction of city dwellers with the built environment was manifested in the erection of stone townhouses, the opening of the Institute of Technology, a Public Library, and religious buildings, as well as the improvement of life conditions. It was the teachers and graduates of the Institute of Technology who played a leading role in the development of the urban environment. Among the leading architects of that time, it is necessary to single out the achievements of Marian-Jozef-Zdzislaw Charmanskyi, Oleksiy Beketov, Oleksandr Hinzburh, Serhyi Zagoskin, and Mykhailo Lovtsov. If at the end of the XIX century the architectural style of the city of Kharkiv was more of a combination of rationalism, Neo- Renaissance and Neo-Gothic, then from the beginning of the new century the city was built in the Art Nouveau style. It was on the territory of Ukraine that this style had its peculiarities, the so-called Ukrainian Art Nouveau (Modern) appeared. Today, Kharkiv has the largest number of buildings in this style.Документ Development of polytechnical education on the territory of modern Ukraine(Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019) Gutnyk, MarynaДокумент Development of technical education in the city of Kharkov: the contribution of Vikentii Khomych Gerburt-Geibovych(Київський національний університет ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2019) Gutnyk, MarynaThe work of the leading scientist in the field of mechanics – Vikentii Khomych Gerburt-Geibovych is analyzed. He became one of those who, after the successful graduation from the Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute, stayed in this educational establishment as a teacher. In addition, his further activities contributed to the establishment of higher technical education in Ukraine. It should be noted that for a long time the name of this scientist was out of the attention of historians of science and technology. Therefore, taking into account the scientific work by V. Gerburt-Geibovych, as well as the using of archival materials, it is worthwhile the outlining of the results of the scientific activity of this scientist. Information about the future scientist's family is provided. In particular, it is stated that he was from a noble family. The talented graduate of KhPTI was invited to work at this educational institution. It is shown what subjects the scientist taught. Heredity in teaching the course of flour-mill production from the teacher – Professor K. Zworykin to the student – V. Gerburt-Geibovych was traced. The information about the probation of a scientist at the enterprises of Russian Empire is considered. V. Gerburt-Geibovych᾽s formation as a scientist is shown. For example in 1902 the scientist with Professor G. O. Latyshev, on behalf of the Kharkiv Agricultural Society, became one of the organizers of ploughs testing at Yankivsky Estate of the merchant P. I. Kharitonenko. In order to maintain an appropriate level of knowledge and exchange of information in 1909, the scientist visited the IX congress of flour mills and the 1st All-Russian flour-grinding exhibition held in St. Petersburg in the so-called "salt city". In 1911, the scientist was in a scientific trip in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and Holland, where he inspected the several mills, elevators and factories that produced machines for mills. The activity of the scientist in the development of a new course of lectures – wood technology is analyzed. His research not only in the field of mechanics but also in botany is shown. The expert work of the scientist, including in the equipping of the salt-making plant and in the designing of mills, is shown. The activity of the scientist at the posts of the deputy chairman of the Student technical society and the chairman of the Committee for the needy students of KhTI are considered. Every month Academic Committee received a request from the students for material assistance. Funds for such payments were provided by citizens from all over the Russian Empire who arranged special evenings, performances for the students of the KhTI, some of them left the wills, where the estates departing in favor of students. The scientist had to consider applications, manage the distribution of funds and made reports. On the pages of "Proceedings of South Russian Association of Technologists" the reports about received funds were published: sponsors were indicated by name and the amount of donations. The information about cooperation of V. Gerburt-Geibovych with the Southern Russian Society of Technologists, the editorial office of the "Melnyk" magazine and the edition "People's Encyclopedia" was provided. In particular, in 1910, he published his articles "About the article A. M. Erlanger", "Effect on the quality of the flour of forced work of roller machines and prepacking", "About the needing of thorough separation of small impurities before the grain delivering to cockler". Next year, in the magazine "Melnyk", he published his article "About cooklers and methods of grain cleaning". It was shown that the scientist was one of the founders of women's polytechnic education in Ukraine. The presence of five daughters in the family became a significant incentive for Vikentii Khomych to open the Women's Polytechnic Institute in Kharkiv. The first years of functioning of this newly created institution are considered. It is alleged that wife of a scientist and one of the daughters graduated from the Women's Polytechnic Institute. In addition, in June 1919 Vikentii Khomych elected the vice-rector of the Kharkov Technological Institute. Emphasis is made on significant stress in the work, which led to a weakening of the scientist's health. Thanks to interviewing of relatives of the scientist, the year of his death was ascertained. Despite a rather short life course, only 48 years old, the scientist has left a distinctive mark in the history of the Kharkiv Technological Institute, which he graduated from. The memory of prominent ancestor remains among his descendants.Документ Dolnośląskie domy technika, siedziby not(Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych KOMEL, 2018) Chrzan, Krystian Leonard; Gutnyk, MarynaW artykule opisane zostały Domy Technika na Dolnym Śląsku, czyli lokalne siedziby Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej NOT we Wrocławiu, Jeleniej Górze, Legnicy, Świdnicy i Wałbrzychu. Dom Technika we Wrocławiu jest unikalny ze względu na swoją kubaturę i wystrój architektoniczny, nie tylko na Dolnym Śląsku, ale i w skali całego kraju. Porównywalnym budynkiem dysponuje tylko stołeczna Warszawa na ul. Czackiego 3/5. Spośród Domów Technika w innych miastach dolnośląskich wyróżnia się siedziba NOT w Świdnicy. Wykorzystano tu zabytkowy kościół i basteję, które po remoncie i przebudowie zaadoptowano do nowych celów.Документ Ecological Urban Planning of Ukrainian Cities in the Late 19th – Early 20th Cent.: Tram Traffic and Research in the Field of Electric Traction (to the 130th Anniversary of the 1st Electric Tram in Ukraine)(Національний технічний університет України "Київський політехнічний інститут ім. Ігоря Сікорського", 2022) Tverytnykova, Olena; Gutnyk, Maryna; Salata, HalynaThe main goal of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of the emergence and formation of the tram system, as well as to outline the impact of using this type of urban transport on the urbanization of Ukrainian cities in the late 19th – early 20th cent. It is claimed that this type of transport was and still remains the most environmentally friendly. The forerunner of the electric tram – horse-drawn – had several significant shortcomings: its introduction was limited by the terrain and the life expectancy of the animal. Further attempts to use the steam engine were also unsuccessful. The creation of the electric tram expanded the use of public transport. Belgian companies played a significant role in the introduc- tion of tram transport in Ukraine. The popularity of electric trams contributed to further research in the field of electric traction and the construction of tram cars, as well as the design of cities in general. A number of Ukrainian scientists played a remarkable role in the development of tramways, such as Fedir Pirot- skyi, Hryhorii Dubelir, Pavlo Kopniaiev, Oleksandr Pohorelko, Ivan Nekrasov, Oleksandr Potebnia, and others. Nowadays, the research on public transport and a thorough analysis of the extensive use of trams are particularly important in the face of environmental problems in large cities of Ukraine.Документ The Fe-C diagram – History of its evolution(Державний університет інфраструктури та технологій, 2023-12-24) Gutnyk, Maryna; Nürnberger, FlorianThe evolution of concepts and methods of physical and chemical science that contributed to the formation of the Fe-C diagram during the previous centuries is considered. Despite the classical knowledge, there are still differences in the representation of the Fe-C diagram by scientists from different countries, in particular, the data of scientists from Germany, Poland, Ukraine, the USA, and Australia are somewhat mismatched. The authors tried to understand the reasons for this discrepancy. To conduct the research, general scientific methods of cognition were used: comparative analysis and synthesis, as well as a chronological one. It is claimed that the first studies of carbon content in steel were carried out in 1802. Further research development began in 1827–1829 when it was established that graphite is pure carbon. It is emphasized that further studies of carbon content in steel and cast iron are connected with attempts to create the first graphs of dependence on content and temperature. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the industrial revolution. It is believed that the first complete diagram was presented in 1897 by Roberts-Austen. Later, with the use of X-ray methods and microscopy, the Fe-C diagram gradually took on a new form. At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists actively proposed their phase diagrams. Studies conducted by scientists of different countries during 1909–1911 gained a consolidation, which was produced at the 6th Congress of the International Association for testing materials meeting into the unification of the names of phase transformations. Further research until the beginning of the Second World War was aimed at the creation of “pure” steel, that is, without harmful impurities, and clarifying the transformation temperatures. The period of the Great Depression in the USA and the war in Europe did not contribute to scientific research. At the same time, for the mass production of steel and cast iron, errors in critical points of a few degrees did not have a significant impact, that is, refining the temperatures of phase transformations were not considered appropriate. Today’s trend in scientific research is aimed at solving environmental problems caused by the industrial revolution.Документ History and Culture of Ukraine: the world dimension(Fakt, 2022) Gutnyk, MarynaThe “History and Culture of Ukraine: The World Dimension” tutorial is intended for Ukrainian undergraduate students studying the discipline in English as well as for foreign students. The material of each theme covers a specific historical period of the Ukrainian state development and cultural features from ancient times to the present. The tutorial will be more useful for students from NTU “KhPI” as it has some background information on the history of this higher educational establishment.Документ History of science and technology(ФОП Панов А. М., 2020) Tkachenko, S. S.; Gutnyk, Maryna; Sadkovska, V. A.The tutorial "History of Science and Technology" is intended for undergraduate students who study this academic subject in English. The material for each of the themes covers a specific historical period in the history of science and technology from ancient times to the present. The last theme is devoted to the study of the history of NTU "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute".Документ History of Science and Technology(National technical university "Kharkov politechnical institute", 2024-02) Gutnyk, Maryna; Tverytnykova, Olena; Radohuz, SerhiiIn the modern world, filled with profound changes and global interdependence, humanitarian knowledge has gained fundamental importance. Humanities disciplines play a crucial role in shaping not only professional competencies but also a deep understanding of the essence of modern challenges. The study of humanitarian aspects, including the course “History of Science and Technology,” becomes an integral element of the educational process. This course not only repeats what is already known from school programs but conducts in-depth and systematic analysis of historical and cultural aspects. An important feature is that it reveals the history and science of Ukraine in the context of their interaction with world civilization. This course provides students with the opportunity to develop not only technical skills but also contributes to the disclosure of their deeper understanding and analysis of various aspects of the modern world. The study of the history of science and technology helps create a harmonious personality that carries a significant correlation between technical capabilities and humanitarian understanding. At the same time, this course helps overcome narrow technocratic thinking, expanding the horizons of students and making them more comprehensively prepared for the challenges of the present. The study of the history of science and technology contributes to the creation of intellectually mature individuals with a higher sense of conscious responsibility and dignity. They are capable of seeing more than just technical aspects and understand how their actions affect the global community. The course “History of Science and Technology” illustrates how technological development is related to social context, cultural values, and historical circumstances. This helps create graduates who not only possess technical knowledge but also understand their consequences for humanity as a whole. The study of the history of science and technology is a necessary element in forming a deep and comprehensive approach to education, promoting the creation of future leaders capable of making informed and morally justified decisions in the modern globalized world. The exam tasks are composed of individual variants and contain questions of various levels of complexity, allowing for the most objective assessment of the students' level of preparation. The recommended preparation time is 1 week. The student needs to review the lecture notes provided by the teacher and master the necessary knowledge assigned for independent study. The literature necessary for this is presented at the end of the guidelines.Документ The impact of decisions of Mining Industrialists Congresses on the Industrial Revolution increasing in Ukraine in the late XIX century(Державний університет інфраструктури та технологій, 2020) Gutnyk, Maryna; Radohuz, SerhiiThe activity of the mining industry in the South of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was part at that time, is analyzed. It is noted that the rapid development of industry in the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 opened up opportunities for investors to raise capital. Information is given about why Kharkiv became the center of investment life of mine owners, namely its good geographical location. Data on the number of inhabitants of the city and the number of trading institutions are provided. The stages in the formation of the mining industry of the South of the Russian Empire as a driving force for economic development in Ukraine are highlighted.The causes of weak coal sales from the Donbas and the development of the factory industry of Ukraine in the 1860s are analyzed. It is shown how these issues were resolved. In particular, mining congresses were organized to discuss and resolve these issues.It is shown how the decisions of mining congresses influenced the development of the country's economy at the end of the nineteenth century. Examples of issues discussed at these congresses are given. In particular, the congresses discussed – workers, higher and secondary specialized education, mining credit, insurance, the ratio of the mining industry to zemstvos and land taxation of enterprises of the mining industry, taxes, land relations, postal, telegraph and telephone traffic, passenger traffic in the Southern Russia area, duties, ports, marinas, navigable rivers and canals, shipbuilding and merchant shipping, export of mineral fuel abroad, construction of new railways, etc. It should be noted that the central issue discussed at almost all mining congresses was the question of tariffs, and this was not a coincidence, since it directly concerned the markets for industrialists without whom production could not be developed, and with it the intensification of the industrial revolution. Therefore, this problem, in one form or another, has arisen constantly.Information is provided on the number of such congresses, as well as on the creation of a permanent body, the Council of Miners of the South of the Russian Empire. It analyzes the so-called “coal crisis” and the role of major mining companies in the collusion. The monopolization of the market is considered. Emphasis is placed on the customs policy of the tsarist government. Speculation on temporary fuel difficulties is illustrated. It is noted that at the end of the 1890s, there were especially high rates of development of the Donbas coal industry. Special tariffs for the export of Donetsk coal abroad were introduced. Thus, in the last quarter of the 19th century, the mining and monopolization of the mining industry of the south of the Russian Empire were enlarged and monopolized.Документ Lifelong education. Challenges and prospects(СПД "Охотнік", 2021) Gutnyk, Maryna; Tkachenko, Svitlana; Gapochenko, S. D.Документ The origins of electrical engineering studies in the Ukraine and their shaping under the influence of the European scientific school (the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries)(Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2021) Gutnyk, Maryna; Tverytnykova, Olena; Chrzan, Krystian LeonardThe deployment of electrical engineering research in the second half of the 19 and at the beginning of the 20th c. is shown. The great attention is focused onthe economic circumstances of the development of theoretical electrical engineering. Emphasis is placed on the leading role of Lviv Polytechnic. The names of professors who were at the origins of electrical engineering education in Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odesa are given. It is claimed that the European School of ElectricalEngineering directly influenced the development of relevant research in Ukraine.Документ The Professor G. De-Metz's Contribution to the Development of Physical Science in Ukraine(Інститут теоретичної фізики ім. М. М. Боголюбова НАН України, 2021) Gutnyk, Maryna; Tverytnykova, ElenaThe contribution of Professor Georgy De-Metz to the development of physical science in Ukraine is highlighted. The information about the childhood of the future scientist is given and his formation as a scientist is shown. He was extensively involved in physics under the guidance of F. Shvedov and M. Umov. The head of his master’s thesis was Professor A. Kundt. After the publication of the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen, G. De-Metz not only repeated the experiments of the German colleague, but also put new ones. In particular, he investigated the influence of various physical factors on obtaining the clear photographs of this radiation. The scientist managed to make clear pictures of frogs with an image of the internal organs. He also explored the possibility of using X-rays in medicine. In the early twentieth century, he published his first major work on radioactivity “Doctrine of the radioactivity and radioactive substances”, in which the scientist described the physical basics of radioactivity in detail. The researcher examined the radium content in water and flora from the pond of the Kyiv Botanical garden. Using the results of the studies G. De-Metz concluded that some types of living tissue were able to absorb and even concentrate radium from water and the environment. In his work "Radioactivity and the structure of matter", not only a historical review of the development of the doctrine of radioactivity was made, but also the new experimental works of the author were represented. He analyzed 68 various minerals of uranium. G. De-Metz described the picture of the geographical distribution of radioactive minerals and identified the richest deposits of uranium ore at that time. In addition to his scientific work, the scientist was a well-known methodist. It was he who, in the 1920s, developed a method of teaching physics in institutes of Ukraine. It is reported that the scientist in a different period of time was the head of the physical department at various institutions of higher education. Moreover, he was even the Rector of the St. Volodymyr University, Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, and Kuban University.Документ Professors of the Kharkiv Technological Institute: unknown pages of biography(Державний університет інфраструктури та технологій, 2020) Tverytnykova, Elena; Gutnyk, Maryna; Salata, HalynaThe purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive historical and scientific analysis of the life and scientific and organizational activities of professors of the Kharkiv Technological Institute Oleksii Khinkulov and Pavlo Dedusenko, using the study of scientific literature and involved archival materials. On the basis of the involvement of unknown and little-known archival documents, a historical reconstruction of the creative activity of scientists was conducted; in particular, the little-known period of their life in 1940-1946 was studied in detail. A comprehensive analysis of the scientific activities of Oleksii Khinkulov was carried out, his contribution to the formation of the electrical industry was determined. His role in the development of scientific research in the field of radio engineering in Ukraine was emphasized. He headed one of the largest radio engineering club in Ukraine. The social activities of Oleksii Khinkulov were investigated, it was found that for a long time he worked as deputy chairman, and then as chairman of the All-Ukrainian Association of Engineers, which united the teams of research departments of technical institutions of Ukraine. The scientific and organizational activities of Professor Oleksii Khinkulov certainly contributed to the development of electrical engineering science and education both in Kharkov and in Ukraine. He was one of the organizers and promoters of the radio engineering direction in Ukraine, participated in the work of public organizations and electrical congresses. His colleague at KhTI, Professor of chemistry Pavlo Dedusenko, is undoubtedly an outstanding person. As an active member of various charities, he worked hard for the public. These are both scientific societies and various social projects. A supporter of Ukrainian nationalism, he strove for the Independence of Ukraine, the development of Ukrainian culture. Repressed in 1945, the scientist died in the concentration camp in 1946. In 1991, due to the lack of evidence confirming the guilt of Pavlo Dedusenko, the professor was rehabilitated.Документ World Physics in Ukraine: A Unique Experienceof Consolidation of Scientists at Kharkiv Research Center of Physics (in the 1920s–1930s)(Estonian Association for the History and Philosophy of Science Tallinn University of Technology, 2022) Tverytnykova, Elena; Gutnyk, MarynaThe article examines the development of physics research in Ukraine on the example of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UIPT). Founded on the initiative of the eminent physicist Abram Ioffe, the UIPT has gradually become one of the world’s leading research institutions. During 1928–1938, many important events took place at the institute, which became markers for the development of physics in Ukraine and the USSR as well as in the world. An experiment on the fission of atomic nucleus using artificially accelerated protons confirmed the validity of the intentions to reorient research towards nuclear physics. The involvement of foreign specialists in the work of the UIPT contributed to the informal consolidation of scientific thinking in physics. Outstanding physicists of the world such as Boris Podolskyi, Oleksandr Weisberg, Konrad Weiselberg, Friedrich Houtermans, Laszlo Tisza, Fritz Lange, Victor Weisskopf, George Placzek, Paul Dirac, Georgii Gamov, Niels Bohr, Paul Ehrenfest, and others worked here for longer or shorter periods. Niels Bohr, Ivar Waller, Milton S. Plesset, Evan J. Williams, and Leon Rosenfeld made reports at the theoretical conferences of UIPT. As a result, in the late 1920s and during the 1930s, an informal society of physicists from around the world was formed in Kharkiv. The consolidation of talented scientists has accumulated traditions, centuries of experience, and practical knowledge in the field from many scientific schools around the world.