Способы учета и моделирование сил сопротивления различной физической природы в механических, динамических, колебательных и роторных системах

Abstract

Рассматриваются теоретические основы учета демпфирования и сил сопротивления в динамических системах, способы учета демпфирующих свойств конструкционных элементов при расчете динамических характеристик систем, математическое описание сил сопротивления. Анализируется эффективность использования демпферов в зависимости от их конструктивных особенностей. Приводятся примеры использования демпфирующих элементов различного типа в механических системах, в том числе роторах.The theoretical basis of accounting the damping and the forces of resistance in dynamic systems, methods of accounting for the damping properties of structural elements in the calculation of dynamic characteristics of the systems, the mathematical description of the resistance forces. Consideration of the resistance forces of different nature. Efficiency dampers analyzed according to their structural features. Examples of using different types of damping elements in mechanical systems, including rotors. The article presents the resistance forces that characterize linear and Coulomb friction, the degree of resistance (linear, quadratic and cubic), dry friction. Some forces are a product of functions, depending on the generalized coordinates and velocities (model Van der Pol model positional viscous friction model positional viscous Coulomb friction). Considered dampers, which are divided into oscillation absorbers, dynamic dampers and dynamic dampers with friction. Consideration of the two models of friction applied theory of mechanical oscillations, which are used for modeling the dynamics of the system, for which the generalized friction force depends on the amplitude of the oscillations does not depend on speed (hysteresis model) and when the friction force depends on the speed of motion (the model of viscous friction or speed model). The article consists of five parts, which contain the statement of the problem, the theoretical basis of accounting and the damping forces of resistance in dynamic systems, modeling of the resistance forces, damping elements in a variety of mechanical systems , and as a special case in rotary systems.