Теплоэнергетическая установка на возобновляемых источниках энергии
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Одеська національна академія харчових технологій
Анотація
Предложена теплоэнергетическая система снабжения: электроэнергией, горячей водой и отоплением, в которой совместно с ветроэлектрогенератором, двухконтурной солнечной установкой, используется геотермальный грунтовый тепловой насос "грунт-вода", аккумуляторы электроэнергии и теплоты. Эта система позволяет: уменьшить себестоимость тепловой энергии за счет снижения материалоемкости и расходов на оборудование, которое используется; экономить органическое топливо; производить электроэнергию и излишек ее отдавать в государственную электросеть; уменьшить тепловую нагрузку и загрязнение окружающей среды. Система разработана, изготовлена и установлена на одном частном подворье в Харьковской области после реконструкции коттеджа. Работа теплоэнергетической системы управляется и контролируется в автоматическом режиме с автоматизированного рабочего места. Двухконтурная солнечная установка обеспечивает горячее водоснабжение коттеджа. Тепловой насос обеспечивает отопление в холодное время года и кондиционирование в теплое время года. Ветроэлектрогенератор вырабатывает электроэнергию для работы электрооборудования коттеджа, а излишки электроэнергии направляются в электроаккумуляторы либо в государственную электросеть. Тепловое аккумулирование осуществляют баки-аккумуляторы.
The reserves of fossil fuels, which are a traditional source of energy, are not unlimited. This leads to the need to seek new, and preferably unconventional and renewable sources of energy. In all likelihood, the combination of several energy sources - solar, wind energy and a geothermal heat pump as the most "clean" from an ecological point of view, than the energy sources of traditional energy will be proved to be most useful. It should be noted that the experience accumulated by different countries in the use of solar collectors and heat pumps, as well as wind generators, demonstrates the high possibilities of simple transforming these types of energy into thermal energy and electricity, which can be successfully used for supply: electricity, hot water, hot air, heating in premises of public and private households, as well as providing various kinds of technological and domestic needs not only in different industries, but also including enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the installation of solar heat and cold supply, heat pumps and wind generators at civil and industrial construction sites has not yet been widely implemented. This is associated with relatively low prices for traditional energy sources and insufficient market preparedness compared to other countries, and it is constrained by high metal content and the cost of solar collectors and heat pumps, and unpreparedness of our market for the production of wind power generators. Therefore, in our opinion, the concept of creating such new heat and power systems, in which renewable sources of energy will be used as energy sources, is topical. For such heat-and-power systems, new designs for solar installations, heat pumps and wind generators will be constructed, when the cost of generating heat and electricity through these facilities is lower than the total cost of generating heat and electricity by traditional methods (in particular, in boiler plants). Simultaneously, the payback period of such heat and power systems should be commensurate with the warranty period of their operation. This can be achieved through the use of cheap domestic materials, the release of which is guaranteed in sufficient quantities for a long period in Ukraine. Therefore, the use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources, the saving of organic fuel, which is necessary for heating the coolant from 8 to 95 °C, the improvement of the ecological situation in the region of consumption of thermal energy by reducing the emissions of pollutants, which includes the combustion products of traditional types of energy, fuel, which is used for the production of thermal energy in boiler equipment, electricity generation by means of wind generators are actual tasks. Before reconstruction in the heating system of the cottage, a boiler with a black oil burner was used. The cost of fuel oil with delivery and pumping into a container at the location and use all year round is about one hundred thousand hryvnia per year. Further, the fuel oil is supplied to the boiler by gravity. However, the ignition of fuel oil in the boiler is carried out at a temperature of 90 °C. Therefore, the fuel oil must be heated before being fed into the boiler. Burning of fuel oil in the boiler leads to emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the number of heating batteries in the house increases the metal capacity of the heating installation. It was decided to replace the boiler with a fuel oil burner with a heat-and-power system: providing private home ownership with hot water using a two-circuit solar water heating system, heating with a geothermal ground-water heat pump, and installing a wind generator to generate electricity for the whole electrical equipment of the cottage. For this purpose, a new technological scheme was developed for the heat-energy system of hot water supply and heating of the cottage. In ground heat pumps, heat energy is used, which is stored in the soil by heating it with the sun or other sources. Soil has the ability to store solar heat for a long time, which leads to a relatively uniform level of heat source temperature throughout the year, and this ensures the operation of a heat pump with a high conversion factor. The wind power generator generates electricity for the operation of the electrical equipment of the cottage, and surplus electricity is sent to the electric accumulators or to the state power grid. The operation of the heat power plant is controlled and monitored automatically from an automated workstation. In the case of an increase in the outdoor temperature to the uncomfortable mark, the solar installation is switched off and the conditioning mode is activated in the heat pump. A heat-and-power supply system is proposed: electric power, hot water and heating, in which a geothermal ground-water heat pump, electric power and heat accumulators are used in conjunction with a wind-electric generator, a two-circuit solar installation. This system allows: to reduce the cost of thermal energy by reducing the material consumption and the cost of equipment that is used; to save organic fuel; produce electricity and surplus it into the state power grid; reduce heat load and environmental pollution. The system is designed, manufactured and installed on one private farmstead in the Kharkov region after the reconstruction of the cottage. The operation of the heat-and-power system is controlled and controlled automatically in an automated workplace. Two-circuit solar installation provides hot water supply to the cottage. The heat pump provides heating in the cold season and air conditioning in the warm season. If the water temperature is lower than the automatic one, the water is supplied from the storage tank to the second circuit of the condenser and cooler of the geothermal groundwater heat pump "soil-water", heated to the required temperature and delivered to the consumer. The wind power generator generates electricity for the operation of the electrical equipment of the cottage, and surplus electricity is sent to the electric accumulators or to the state power grid. Thermal accumulation is carried out by accumulator tanks.
The reserves of fossil fuels, which are a traditional source of energy, are not unlimited. This leads to the need to seek new, and preferably unconventional and renewable sources of energy. In all likelihood, the combination of several energy sources - solar, wind energy and a geothermal heat pump as the most "clean" from an ecological point of view, than the energy sources of traditional energy will be proved to be most useful. It should be noted that the experience accumulated by different countries in the use of solar collectors and heat pumps, as well as wind generators, demonstrates the high possibilities of simple transforming these types of energy into thermal energy and electricity, which can be successfully used for supply: electricity, hot water, hot air, heating in premises of public and private households, as well as providing various kinds of technological and domestic needs not only in different industries, but also including enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the installation of solar heat and cold supply, heat pumps and wind generators at civil and industrial construction sites has not yet been widely implemented. This is associated with relatively low prices for traditional energy sources and insufficient market preparedness compared to other countries, and it is constrained by high metal content and the cost of solar collectors and heat pumps, and unpreparedness of our market for the production of wind power generators. Therefore, in our opinion, the concept of creating such new heat and power systems, in which renewable sources of energy will be used as energy sources, is topical. For such heat-and-power systems, new designs for solar installations, heat pumps and wind generators will be constructed, when the cost of generating heat and electricity through these facilities is lower than the total cost of generating heat and electricity by traditional methods (in particular, in boiler plants). Simultaneously, the payback period of such heat and power systems should be commensurate with the warranty period of their operation. This can be achieved through the use of cheap domestic materials, the release of which is guaranteed in sufficient quantities for a long period in Ukraine. Therefore, the use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources, the saving of organic fuel, which is necessary for heating the coolant from 8 to 95 °C, the improvement of the ecological situation in the region of consumption of thermal energy by reducing the emissions of pollutants, which includes the combustion products of traditional types of energy, fuel, which is used for the production of thermal energy in boiler equipment, electricity generation by means of wind generators are actual tasks. Before reconstruction in the heating system of the cottage, a boiler with a black oil burner was used. The cost of fuel oil with delivery and pumping into a container at the location and use all year round is about one hundred thousand hryvnia per year. Further, the fuel oil is supplied to the boiler by gravity. However, the ignition of fuel oil in the boiler is carried out at a temperature of 90 °C. Therefore, the fuel oil must be heated before being fed into the boiler. Burning of fuel oil in the boiler leads to emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the number of heating batteries in the house increases the metal capacity of the heating installation. It was decided to replace the boiler with a fuel oil burner with a heat-and-power system: providing private home ownership with hot water using a two-circuit solar water heating system, heating with a geothermal ground-water heat pump, and installing a wind generator to generate electricity for the whole electrical equipment of the cottage. For this purpose, a new technological scheme was developed for the heat-energy system of hot water supply and heating of the cottage. In ground heat pumps, heat energy is used, which is stored in the soil by heating it with the sun or other sources. Soil has the ability to store solar heat for a long time, which leads to a relatively uniform level of heat source temperature throughout the year, and this ensures the operation of a heat pump with a high conversion factor. The wind power generator generates electricity for the operation of the electrical equipment of the cottage, and surplus electricity is sent to the electric accumulators or to the state power grid. The operation of the heat power plant is controlled and monitored automatically from an automated workstation. In the case of an increase in the outdoor temperature to the uncomfortable mark, the solar installation is switched off and the conditioning mode is activated in the heat pump. A heat-and-power supply system is proposed: electric power, hot water and heating, in which a geothermal ground-water heat pump, electric power and heat accumulators are used in conjunction with a wind-electric generator, a two-circuit solar installation. This system allows: to reduce the cost of thermal energy by reducing the material consumption and the cost of equipment that is used; to save organic fuel; produce electricity and surplus it into the state power grid; reduce heat load and environmental pollution. The system is designed, manufactured and installed on one private farmstead in the Kharkov region after the reconstruction of the cottage. The operation of the heat-and-power system is controlled and controlled automatically in an automated workplace. Two-circuit solar installation provides hot water supply to the cottage. The heat pump provides heating in the cold season and air conditioning in the warm season. If the water temperature is lower than the automatic one, the water is supplied from the storage tank to the second circuit of the condenser and cooler of the geothermal groundwater heat pump "soil-water", heated to the required temperature and delivered to the consumer. The wind power generator generates electricity for the operation of the electrical equipment of the cottage, and surplus electricity is sent to the electric accumulators or to the state power grid. Thermal accumulation is carried out by accumulator tanks.
Опис
Бібліографічний опис
Селихов Ю. А. Теплоэнергетическая установка на возобновляемых источниках энергии / Ю. А. Селихов, В. А. Коцаренко, В. А. Давыдов // Наукові праці [Одеської національної академії харчових технологій]. Сер. : Технічні науки. – 2017. – Вип. 81, т. 1. – С. 14-19.