Возможно ли говорить о рациональности йоги?

Abstract

В мировой философской практике йоге уделяют огромное внимание: читаются курсы в ведущих университетах мира, открыты различного рода проекты по изучению этого вида духовной техники, продолжаются исследования в области истории, и конечно есть ряд ученых, которые связывают знания о ней, как с научным характером исследований, так и с практическим ее приложением в современной культуре. К сожалению, в отечественной литературе недостаточно внимания уделяется такой древней и актуальной в современном мире философии. В статье мы ставим задачу проанализировать эту сторону многогранной человеческой жизни с позиций современного европейского исследователя. Восточную культуру можно рассматривать в контексте искусства, религии, мифологии, но возникает вопрос: а можно ли ее рассматривать и оценивать в контексте мыслительного, рационального дискурса? На основе древних текстов, на основе работ известных индологов, современных европейских философов предпринята попытка описать рациональность йоги и дать ей определение. Автор выходит на общий характер рациональности Востока, представленный космологически-мифологическим мировоззрением. Делает вывод, что для человека Востока существуют другие нормы и критерии рациональности, нежели для европейски ориентированного мировоззрения. Автор также анализирует характер оформления мышления человека с такой формой мировоззрения.

In world philosophical practice, yoga is given great attention: courses are given at leading universities of the world, various kinds of projects are being opened to study this type of spiritual technique, research in history continues, and of course, there are a number of scientists who associate knowledge about it as a scientific character, and with its practical application in modern culture. Unfortunately, in domestic literature not enough attention paid to such an ancient and relevant philosophy in the modern world. In the article we set the task to analyze this aspect of multifaceted human life from the standpoint of the modern European researcher. Eastern culture can be viewed in the context of art, religion, mythology, but the question arises: can it be viewed and evaluated in the context of mental, rational discourse? On the basis of ancient texts, on the basis of works of famous Indologists, modern European philosophers, an attempt was made to describe the rationality of yoga and give it a definition. The author goes to the general nature of the rationality of the East, represented by a cosmological-mythological worldview. He concludes that for a man of the East there are other norms and criteria of rationality than for a European-oriented worldview. The author also analyzes the nature of the design thinking of a person with this form of worldview. For a person of the East, there are other norms and criteria for rationality than for a European-oriented worldview. The rationality of the philosophy of yoga should be the basis for research practices and technologies of yoga. It can be given a conditional definition, but its meaning is deep and rooted in hoary antiquity, and requires careful and thorough analysis. The union of all ascetic practices and religious teachings takes place in the Gita, so without analyzing its texts, it is impossible to understand the rationality of yoga. Yoga rationality is mythological and cosmological in nature: it is an a priori scheme of man’s perception of the world and himself, in which ideas about karma and nirvana were central to world orientation and activity, and the mystic of cosmic and biological emphasized the polyvalence of these apriorisms. Such rationality allows the yogi to mentally move from the world of carnal beings into the world of gods and into the world of transcendental gods. The last world appears as an intermediate between the phenomenal world and the non-world of nirvana. Various Indian practices, techniques, and methods aimed at freeing the spirit through separation acquired their followers, because after the “Upanishads” the rejection of life due to socio-political structures and history became the most worthy soteriological solution. Hence the orientation of the yogi to internal self-improvement and indifference to the outside world. Moral decency and cosmic order here are concepts of the same level, starting with the moral positions of the individual soul, which is akin to the spiritual essence of the Cosmos, and Good and Evil act as metaphors for the rhythmic nature of life, both of Cosmos and of Man.