Особливості виготовлення дерев'яних та металевих гравірованих друкарських форм у Європі в середині XV-XVIII ст.
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Abstract
У статті досліджено виникнення ксилографії, визначена її роль і місце в поліграфії Європи XV ст. У ній також розкриті особливості технології виготовлення продольної (обрізної) гравюри на дереві. У роботі проаналізовано зародження глибокого друку, показано значення винаходу нового способу друку в розвитку друкарського виробництва Європи другої половини XV—XVIII ст. В дослідженні детально розкрито технологію виготовлення гравірованих на металі друкарських форм. У статті описані офортні манери гравірування. У дослідженні також розкритий процес виготовлення торцевої гравюри, встановлено значення такого типу ксилографій у розвитку друкарського виробництва Європи кінця XVIII ст.
In the paper the xylography creation is studied and its role in the European polygraphy development in the late 15th century is defined. The special characteristics of woodcut making technique are also exposed in it. In the article the intaglio origin is analyzed, the significance of the new printing technique invention for the European printmaking progress of the late 15th-18th centuries is shown. The characteristics of metal-engraving printing forms production are investigated in it as well. In the paper the etching manners (chemical, mechanical, combined) are described, the techniques of line engraving and stippling are investigated and compared, the primary characteristics of drypoint, soft-ground etching, mezzotint and aquatint are set. The trim engraving origin is also shown in the investigation. The importance of this new type of xylography for the European polygraphy of the late 18th century is defined. In the paper the separate engravings from the online collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and the State Hermitage (Saint Petersburg) are studied. The samples of old printing books made by means of engraving printing plates from the digital collections of the Library of Congress (Washington) and the Austrian National Library (Vienna) are studied. Finishing the article the general conclusions about the role of wooden and metal engraving in the European polygraphy of the middle 15th-18th centuries are made.
In the paper the xylography creation is studied and its role in the European polygraphy development in the late 15th century is defined. The special characteristics of woodcut making technique are also exposed in it. In the article the intaglio origin is analyzed, the significance of the new printing technique invention for the European printmaking progress of the late 15th-18th centuries is shown. The characteristics of metal-engraving printing forms production are investigated in it as well. In the paper the etching manners (chemical, mechanical, combined) are described, the techniques of line engraving and stippling are investigated and compared, the primary characteristics of drypoint, soft-ground etching, mezzotint and aquatint are set. The trim engraving origin is also shown in the investigation. The importance of this new type of xylography for the European polygraphy of the late 18th century is defined. In the paper the separate engravings from the online collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and the State Hermitage (Saint Petersburg) are studied. The samples of old printing books made by means of engraving printing plates from the digital collections of the Library of Congress (Washington) and the Austrian National Library (Vienna) are studied. Finishing the article the general conclusions about the role of wooden and metal engraving in the European polygraphy of the middle 15th-18th centuries are made.
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Шишкіна Є. К. Особливості виготовлення дерев'яних та металевих гравірованих друкарських форм у Європі в середині XV-XVIII ст. / Є. К. Шишкіна // Грані : наук.-теорет. і громад.-політичний альманах. Історія. – Дніпропетровськ : Грані, 2015. – № 9/1 (125). – С. 78-82.